KNOWN INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP / IP)

In order to apply intrenet network should be no standard rules that govern them because it needed an internet protocol.
History of TCP / IP
Internet Protocol was first developed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 1970 as the beginning of efforts to develop protocols that can interconnect a variety of separate computer networks, each of these networks use different technologies. The main protocol produced this project is the Internet Protocol (IP). The same research also developed that is some high-level protocols that are designed to work with IP. The most important of these projects is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and all protocol groups is replaced with TCP / IP suite. First TCP / IP implemented in the ARPANET, and began to develop after the University of California at Berkeley began to use TCP / IP with the UNIX operating system. In addition to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is developing Internet Protocol, which also developed the TCP / IP is the Department of Defense (DOD).

The terms in the Internet Protocol
There are several terms that are often found in the discussion of the TCP / IP, which include:
Host or end-system, a customer in the communications network service. Host is usually in the form of individual workstations or personal computers (PCs) where the duties of the host is usually a running application and server software program that serves as a user and the services of communication networks.
Internet, which is a collection of networks (network of networks) is comprehensive and uses TCP / IP to connect such as virtual networks.
Node, is a term applied to the router and host.protocol, which is a standard procedure or rules for defining and setting the data transmission between computers.
Router, is a devices that are used as a link between two or more networks. Different from the host router because routers usually not a goal or data traffic. Routing of IP datagram generally has been done with software. So routing functions can be performed by a host who has two or more networks connection.
Overview TCP / IP
As noted above, the TCP / IP is also developed by the Department of Defense (DOD). DOD has conducted a research project to connect several networks designed by different vendors to be a networks of networks (internet). At first it worked because it only provides basic services such as file transfer, electronic mail, remote logon. Several computers in a department can use TCP / IP (along with other protocols) in a single LAN. IP component provides routing from the department to the enterprise network, then to regional networks and finally to the global Internet. This can make communication network can be damaged, so to deal with it then designing DOD TCP / IP that can automatically improve when there is a node or line failure. The results of this design allows to build very large networks with little central regulation. Because of the automatic repair the problem in the network is not checked and repaired for a long time.
Like other communications protocols, the TCP / IP also has several layers, layers are:
 IP (internet protocol) that play a role in pentransmisian data packets from node to node. IP precedes each data packet based on 4 bytes (for version IPv4) destination address (IP number). Internet authorities create a range of numbers for different organizations. Organization created by the group number for the department. IP gateaway work on machines that move data from department to organization to region and then later to the whole world.
 TCP (transmission transfer protocol) role in improving the delivery of correct data from a client to the server. Data can be lost in the middle of the network. TCP can detect errors or lost data and then conduct retransmissions until the data is received correctly and completely.
 Sockets is a name given to the subroutine package that provides access to TCP / IP on most systems.
Some important things in the TCP / IP

1. Lowest Requestor Network (Network of lowest bidders)
IP was developed to create a network of networks (internet). Individual machines connected to the LAN (Ethernet or Token Ring). TCP / IP LAN to share with other users (Novell file server, windows, etc.). One devices provide a TCP / IP connection between the LAN and the outside world.
To ensure that all types of systems from different vendors can communicate, then the use of TCP / IP standardized on the LAN. Mikroprossesor with increasing speed, fiber optics, and digital phone lines will have created some new technology options that include ISDN, frame relay, FDDI, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).
Original design of TCP / IP is as a network of networks that match the current use of technology. Data TCP / IP can be sent via a LAN, or can be taken with an internal corporate SNA network, or data can be connected to cable TV. Furthermore, the machines are connected to one network can communicate with other networks through gateways provided by the network vendor.
2. Addressing Problems
In an SNA network, every machine has Logical Units with the address of each network. DECNET, Appletalk, and Novell IPX has plans to create a number for each local network and for each workstation connected to the network.
In the main part of a network of local addresses, TCP / IP make a unique number for each workstation in the world. IP number is the value of 4 bytes (IPv4) with alter convention each byte into a decimal number (0 to 255 for the IP that is used today) and separates the bytes with a period. For instance 130.132.59.234.
An organization started by sending electronic mail to ask for it Hostmaster@INTERNIC.NET network number. It is possible for almost anyone to get the number for the network of "small class" C "with the first 3 bytes and bytes of network meyatakan final states of individual computers. Larger organizations can get the network "Class B" with the first 2 bytes and the network claimed the last 2 bytes declared states of each workstation to achieve 64,000 individual workstations. Examples of Yale's Class B network is 130,132, so all computers with 130,132 .*.* IP address is connected through Yale.
Then the organization associated with the intenet through one of several regional networks or specific network. given network vendor networks and subscriber numbers added to the routing configuration on each machine.
There is no mathematical formula that changed the number 192.35.91 or 130,132 to be "Aji Priambodo" or "Bambang". The machines that manage large regional network or Internet routers can determine the location of the center these networks with the network for each number in the table. It is estimated that there are thousands of class B network and a network of millions of class C. Customers are connected to the Internet, even big companies like IBM do not need to maintain information on network-jatingan others. They send all the external data into a regional carrier that their customers, and regional carriers to observe and maintain routing tables and doing the right thing.
3. Subnets
Although individual customers do not need the network table number or provide explicit routing, but for most of the class B network can be set internally, so a smaller version of the organization and a simpler network. Usually split the assignment into the internal byte one byte department number and one byte Workstation ID.
Enterprise network constructed by using TCP / IP router box commercially. each router has a table with 255 entries to change one byte department number into the ethernet destination option to connect to one router. For example, a message to the 130.132.59.234 through regional networks National and New England under the number 130,132. Arriving at Yale, department ID 59 Ethernet connector chosen. 234 choose a particular workstation on the LAN. Yale network should be updated as new Ethernet and departments are added, but not affected by the change from the outside or the engine displacement in the department.
4. Pathways indeterminate
Every time a message arrives at an IP router, the router will make a decision about where to next message will be sent. There was a time concept with preselected path for all traffic. Suppose a company with a facility in Yogyakarta, Lamongan, Ciamis and Aceh. Network can be made from four phone lines to form a loop (Jogja to Ciamis to Lamongan to Aaceh to Jogja). A message arrives at the router can go to Jogja Lamongan through Ciamis or through Aceh. answers can be returned to another street.
How a router can make a decision between the router with a router? there is no right answer. Traffic can be mapped with the algorithm "clockwise" (go to Yogyakarta to Aceh, Lamongan to Ciamis). Router can determine, send a message to Aceh and then into the Ciamis. A better routing is to measure traffic patterns and sends data via links to the most is not busy.
If one phone line in a damaged tissue, the message can still reach its goals through other channels. After losing track of Yogyakarta to Ciamis, data can be sent from Aceh to Yogyakarta to Lamongan to Ciamis. That way the path will continue despite the loss of performance decline.
Improvements such as this is an additional section on the design IP.
5. No problems Review (Undiagnosed Problem)
If no error occurs, the network reported to authorities. These errors to be corrected or repaired. IP, is designed to be resilient and strong. Lost node or line is used, but must keep the road network. So IP menkonfigurasi automatically reset itself when there is something wrong. If a lot of redundancy built into the system will continue communications and awake. TCP is designed to restore the node or channel where the propagation failed routing table changes to all router nodes. Because the updating process takes a long time, TCP rather slow to initiate recovery.
6. About Tax IP
Every large company or university that is connected to the Internet must have a network of intermediate level. some routers may be configured to connect to the LAN Several department. All traffic outside the organization associated with a single connection to a network of regional providers.
Thus, the end user can install TCP / IP on your PC without having to know the regional network. Three pieces of information required:
 IP address is made on a PC
 part of the IP address (subnet mask) that distinguishes other machines on the same LAN (messages can be sent directly) with the machines in other departments atao anywhere in the world (that is sent to the router machine)
 IP address of the router machine that connects the LAN to the outside world.
7. Composition of the TCP / IP protocol
Internet originally designed with two main criteria. Two criteria have influenced and shaped hardware and software that is used today. Criteria are: The network must make the communication between researchers in different parts of the world, allowing meraka can share and communicate about their research with each other. Unfortunately, the research needs of a variety of different computer platforms and different network architectures for scientific purposes. So it is necessary for the protocol suite to be associated with a variety of different hardware platforms and even a different network systems. Furthermore, the network should be a strong communications network that has the ability to survive a nuclear attack. This design direction memebawa decentralized network of networks separate, smaller, isolated network that has the ability automatically when needed.
Layer provides for software abstrsaksi level and increase the ability to reuse and platform independence. Layers were intended to completely separate from each other and also independent. Layer does not rely on detailed information from the other layer. Architectural design makes it easier to do maintenance because the layer can be redesigned or developed without destroying the integrity of the protocol stack.
TCP / IP protocol suite consists of 4 layers: Application, Transport, Internetwork, and network interface. Layer can be seen as a hierarchy as below:
Application Layer is an application that sends data to the transport layer. For example FTP, email programs and web browsers.
Transport layer is responsible for communication between applications. This layer and set the brook information may provide error checking. The data is divided into several packets sent to the Internet layer with a header. Header contains the destination address, source address, and checksum. Checksum checked by machine to see if the package was missing on the route.
Internetwork layer responsible for communication between machines. This layer-engcapsul meg package from the transport layer in IP datagrams and routing algorithm to determine where datagaram should be sent. Influx datagram is processed and inspected before it passed the kesahannya Transport layer.
Networks interface layer is the lowest level of the order of the TCP / IP. This layer is the device driver that allows datagaram IP sent to or from the physical network. Dapaat form a network cable, Ethernet, frame relay, token ring, ISDN, ATM networks, radio, satellite or other device that can transfer data from system to system. Network interface layer is an abstraction that allows communication between the multitude network architecture.